1. 絲杠導(dǎo)軌：精密機(jī)械中常用傳動(dòng)部件1.1. 絲杠導(dǎo)軌為核心傳動(dòng)部件，直接影響設(shè)備精度和穩(wěn)定性滾珠絲杠是將旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換成線性運(yùn)動(dòng)的理想傳動(dòng)裝置，主要由絲杠軸、螺母、滾 珠以及循環(huán)部件組成。絲杠軸、螺母和端蓋 (一類(lèi)滾珠循環(huán)部件，此處以“端蓋式循環(huán)” 為例解釋滾珠絲杠傳動(dòng)原理) 上都制有圓弧形螺旋槽，將它們套裝在一起時(shí)，這些槽對(duì) 合起來(lái)就形成了螺旋通道，滾珠能夠在通道內(nèi)循環(huán)滾動(dòng)。當(dāng)絲杠相對(duì)于螺母旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，滾 珠在滾道內(nèi)自轉(zhuǎn)，同時(shí)又在封閉的滾道內(nèi)循環(huán)運(yùn)動(dòng)，使絲杠和螺母相對(duì)產(chǎn)生軸向運(yùn)動(dòng)。

1. Screw guide rail: the most commonly used transmission component in precision machinery 1.1 The screw guide is the core transmission component, which directly affects the accuracy and stability of the equipment. The ball screw is an ideal transmission device that converts rotational motion into linear motion, mainly composed of a screw shaft, nut, ball, and circulating components. The screw shaft, nut, and end cap (a type of ball screw circulation component, here taking the "end cap circulation" as an example to explain the principle of ball screw transmission) are all made with circular arc-shaped spiral grooves. When they are fitted together, these grooves match to form a spiral channel, and the ball can circulate and roll in the channel. When the screw rotates relative to the nut, the ball rotates on its own in the raceway, while also circulating in the closed raceway, causing axial motion between the screw and nut.

滾珠絲杠主要可分為內(nèi)循環(huán)和外循環(huán)兩大類(lèi)，外循環(huán)中又可再分為端部導(dǎo)流、管循 環(huán)和端蓋式。外循環(huán)式滾珠絲杠運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)，部分滾珠與絲杠不接觸，其優(yōu)點(diǎn)為工藝簡(jiǎn)單且 易于制造，而缺點(diǎn)為效率較低；內(nèi)循環(huán)式滾珠絲杠運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)，滾珠始終與絲杠接觸，適用 于高速高敏高剛度場(chǎng)景，但缺點(diǎn)為加工困難。相較普通滑動(dòng)絲杠，滾珠絲杠使用滾珠傳遞運(yùn)動(dòng)，具有傳動(dòng)效率高、定位精度高和 傳動(dòng)剛度大等明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)。

Ball screws can be mainly divided into two categories: internal circulation and external circulation. External circulation can be further divided into end guide, tube circulation, and end cap type. When the external circulation ball screw moves, some of the balls do not come into contact with the screw, which has the advantages of simple process and easy manufacturing, but the disadvantage is low efficiency; When the internal circulation ball screw moves, the ball is always in contact with the screw, which is suitable for high-speed, high-sensitivity, and high stiffness scenarios, but the disadvantage is that it is difficult to process. Compared to ordinary sliding screws, ball screws use ball bearings to transmit motion, which has obvious advantages such as high transmission efficiency, high positioning accuracy, and high transmission stiffness.

滑動(dòng)絲杠的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、加工方便、成本低和能自鎖， 缺點(diǎn)是摩擦阻力大，易磨損，傳動(dòng)效率低。目前已逐步被滾珠絲杠所替代，但在部分需 要自鎖功能和對(duì)精度傳動(dòng)效率要求不高的場(chǎng)景仍有應(yīng)用。

The advantages of sliding screw are simple structure, easy processing, low cost, and self-locking ability. The disadvantages are high frictional resistance, easy wear, and low transmission efficiency. At present, it has gradually been replaced by ball screws, but it still has applications in some scenarios that require self-locking function and low precision transmission efficiency requirements.

導(dǎo)軌副實(shí)現(xiàn)支撐和機(jī)械導(dǎo)向作用，主要由導(dǎo)軌和滑座組成。導(dǎo)軌副，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)導(dǎo)軌。一 副導(dǎo)軌主要由兩部分組成：在工作時(shí)固定不動(dòng)，起到支撐作用的部分稱(chēng)為支承導(dǎo)軌 (或 導(dǎo)軌)；另一個(gè)相對(duì)支承導(dǎo)軌作直線或回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)，起到機(jī)械導(dǎo)向作用的部分稱(chēng)為滑座。常 用導(dǎo)軌種類(lèi)包括一般滑動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌、滾動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌、流體介質(zhì)摩擦導(dǎo)軌等，其中滾動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌摩擦系 數(shù)小，故運(yùn)動(dòng)靈敏且定位精度高。

The guide rail pair provides support and mechanical guidance, mainly composed of guide rails and sliding seats. Guide rail pair, abbreviated as guide rail. A pair of guide rails mainly consists of two parts: the part that is fixed and plays a supporting role during operation is called a supporting guide rail (or guide rail); The part that performs linear or rotational motion relative to the supporting guide rail and plays a mechanical guiding role is called a slide. The commonly used types of guide rails include general sliding guide rails, rolling guide rails, fluid medium friction guide rails, etc. Among them, rolling guide rails have a small friction coefficient, so they are sensitive to motion and have high positioning accuracy.

滾珠絲杠精度等級(jí)劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是任取長(zhǎng)度為 300MM 的一段絲杠，測(cè)量實(shí)際移動(dòng)距離 和理想移動(dòng)距離的偏差，偏差越小，精度越高。按國(guó)內(nèi)分類(lèi)，精度等級(jí)有 P1、P2、P3、 P4、P5、P7、P10；日本、韓國(guó)和臺(tái)灣省采用 JS 等級(jí)即 CO、C1、C2、C3、C5、 C7、C10；歐洲采用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是 ITO、IT1、 IT2、 IT3、IT4、IT5、IT7、IT10。

The standard for classifying the accuracy level of ball screws is to measure the deviation between the actual movement distance and the ideal movement distance of any screw with a length of 300MM. The smaller the deviation, the higher the accuracy. According to domestic classification, the accuracy level includes P1 P2、P3、 P4、P5、P7、P10； Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, China Province of China adopt JS grade, namely CO C1、C2、C3、C5、 C7、C10； The standards adopted by European countries are ITO IT1、 IT2、 IT3、IT4、IT5、IT7、IT10。

通常 情況下，普通機(jī)械采用 C7、C10 級(jí)別絲杠即可滿(mǎn)足加工要求；數(shù)控設(shè)備一般需要 C3、 C5 級(jí)別絲杠，其內(nèi)大部分?jǐn)?shù)控機(jī)床配套 C5 級(jí)絲杠。航空制造設(shè)備、精密投影及三 坐標(biāo)測(cè)量設(shè)備等一般采用 C3、C2 級(jí)別絲杠。直線導(dǎo)軌精度按行走 100mm 的平行度劃分，可分為普通級(jí)（C）、（H）、精密 級(jí)（P）、超精密級(jí)（SP）與超高精密級(jí)（UP）五個(gè)等級(jí)，其中平行度是指將導(dǎo)軌以螺栓 固定在基準(zhǔn)面上，使滑塊在導(dǎo)軌全長(zhǎng)上運(yùn)行時(shí)，滑塊與導(dǎo)軌基準(zhǔn)面之間的平行度誤差。從市場(chǎng)空間來(lái)看，全球滾珠絲杠市場(chǎng)規(guī)模穩(wěn)健增長(zhǎng)，已成為重要的消費(fèi)市場(chǎng) 之一，長(zhǎng)期成長(zhǎng)空間可觀。根據(jù)公司招股書(shū)，2016 -2021 年全球滾珠絲杠市場(chǎng)規(guī)模從 13.1 億美元增長(zhǎng) 17.5 億美元；同期我國(guó)滾珠絲杠市場(chǎng)規(guī)模從 16.8 億元增長(zhǎng) 25.6 億元， CAGR 為 8.8%。

Under normal circumstances, ordinary machinery can meet processing requirements by using C7 and C10 grade lead screws; Numerical control equipment generally requires C3 and C5 grade screws, with most domestic CNC machine tools being equipped with C5 grade screws. Aviation manufacturing equipment, precision projection and coordinate measuring equipment generally use C3 and C2 grade screws. The accuracy of linear guides can be divided into five levels based on a parallelism of 100mm, including ordinary level (C), advanced level (H), precision level (P), ultra precision level (SP), and ultra high precision level (UP). Parallelism refers to the parallelism error between the slider and the guide rail reference plane when the guide rail is bolted to the reference plane and the slider runs along the entire length of the guide rail. From the perspective of market space, the global ball screw market is steadily growing in size, and China has become one of the most important consumer markets with considerable long-term growth potential. According to the company's prospectus, the global ball screw market grew from $1.31 billion to $1.75 billion from 2016 to 2021; During the same period, the market size of ball screws in China increased from 1.68 billion yuan to 2.56 billion yuan, with a CAGR of 8.8%.

已成為滾珠絲杠產(chǎn)品重要的消費(fèi)市場(chǎng)之一，約占全球規(guī)模總量的20%左右。目前沒(méi)有權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)導(dǎo)軌銷(xiāo)售規(guī)模情況進(jìn)行追蹤統(tǒng)計(jì)，但導(dǎo)軌與滾珠絲杠常常配套 使用和采購(gòu)，生產(chǎn)端（主流廠商同時(shí)生產(chǎn)絲杠和導(dǎo)軌）便可基于過(guò)去生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐，對(duì)兩者 的市場(chǎng)規(guī)模之比做出合理估計(jì)。根據(jù)我們的草根調(diào)研，滾珠絲杠和導(dǎo)軌的市場(chǎng)規(guī)模之比 約為 1：4，即滾珠絲杠&導(dǎo)軌的整體市場(chǎng)空間可基于滾珠絲杠市場(chǎng)規(guī)模值的五倍進(jìn)行推 算。根據(jù)我們測(cè)算，2021 年全球滾珠絲杠&導(dǎo)軌市場(chǎng)空間約為 87.5 億美元，國(guó)內(nèi)滾珠絲 杠&導(dǎo)軌市場(chǎng)空間約為 127.8 億元。1.2. 機(jī)床、自動(dòng)化&汽車(chē)為絲杠導(dǎo)軌主要下游應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域機(jī)床系絲杠導(dǎo)軌主要下游應(yīng)用：1）從使用量來(lái)看，一臺(tái)機(jī)床通常搭配三套絲杠導(dǎo)軌：普通三軸機(jī)床在其 XYZ 三個(gè) 線性軸基本采用絲杠導(dǎo)軌傳動(dòng)，1 根絲杠搭配 2 根導(dǎo)軌進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng)。

China has become one of the important consumer markets for ball screw products, accounting for about 20% of the global total. At present, there is no authoritative institution that tracks and statistics the sales scale of guide rails. However, guide rails and ball screws are often used and purchased together, and the production end (mainstream manufacturers produce both screws and guide rails) can make reasonable estimates of the market size ratio of the two based on past production practices. According to our grassroots research, the market size ratio of ball screws to guide rails is about 1:4, which means that the overall market space of ball screws and guide rails can be calculated based on five times the market size value of ball screws. According to our calculations, the global market space for ball screws and guide rails in 2021 is approximately 8.75 billion US dollars, while the domestic market space for ball screws and guide rails is approximately 12.78 billion yuan. 1.2.  Machine tools, automation, and automobiles are the main downstream application areas of screw guides. Machine tool series screw guides are mainly used in the following downstream applications: 1) In terms of usage, a machine tool is usually equipped with three sets of screw guides: ordinary three-axis machine tools use screw guide transmission for their XYZ linear axes, with one screw and two guide rails for movement.

而四五軸旋轉(zhuǎn)軸一般 不采用絲杠導(dǎo)軌傳動(dòng)（因此通常來(lái)說(shuō)一臺(tái)機(jī)床搭配三根絲杠+6 根導(dǎo)軌）。但對(duì)于部分精 度要求較低的中低端機(jī)床，會(huì)使用皮帶或同步輪搭配導(dǎo)軌傳動(dòng)，而替換掉價(jià)值量更高的 絲杠。2）從精度水平來(lái)看，機(jī)床對(duì)于絲杠導(dǎo)軌精度要求更高：相較于自動(dòng)化&汽車(chē)等下游， 機(jī)床對(duì)絲杠導(dǎo)軌精度要求更高，基本上使用的是精度 C5 以上的研磨級(jí)絲杠。3）

However, four or five axis rotating shafts generally do not use screw guide transmission (so usually a machine tool is equipped with three screws and six guide rails). But for some low-end machine tools with lower precision requirements, belts or synchronous wheels will be used in combination with guide rail transmission, replacing the more valuable screw. 2) From the perspective of accuracy level, machine tools have higher requirements for the accuracy of screw guides: compared to downstream industries such as automation and automobiles, machine tools have higher requirements for the accuracy of screw guides, and basically use grinding grade screws with an accuracy of C5 or above. 3）

從市場(chǎng)空間來(lái)看，機(jī)床是絲杠導(dǎo)軌市場(chǎng)下游：根據(jù)科德數(shù)控和紐威數(shù)控招 股書(shū)披露的機(jī)床原材料采購(gòu)情況，傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)部件占機(jī)床成本的平均比例約 15%。根據(jù) MIR 睿工業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)，2021 年國(guó)內(nèi)數(shù)控金屬加工機(jī)床消費(fèi)額約為 500-600 億元，可以測(cè)算出 對(duì)應(yīng)傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)（以滾珠絲杠&導(dǎo)軌為主）的消費(fèi)額約為 75-90 億元。

From the perspective of market space, machine tools are the largest downstream of the screw guide market: according to the raw material procurement situation disclosed in the prospectus of Kede CNC and Neway CNC, the average proportion of transmission system components in machine tool costs is about 15%. According to MIR Industry data, the domestic consumption of CNC metal processing machine tools in 2021 is about 50-60 billion yuan, and the corresponding consumption of transmission systems (mainly ball screws and guide rails) can be calculated to be about 7.5-9 billion yuan.

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